Ruhiyyih Khanum explains the background, the efforts made by
the Guardian and the Baha’i World, and the final unfortunate result:
It was during these years, when Shoghi Effendi was trying so
hard to gather about him a group of competent co-workers, that a crisis of
unprecedented dimensions burst upon him. The sea of the Cause of God, whipped
by the winds of both destiny and chance which blow upon it from the outside
world, was now lashed into a storm whose waves beat remorselessly upon Shoghi
Effendi's mind, his strength, his nerves and his resources. The blessed House
occupied by Bahá'u'lláh in Baghdad, and ordained by Him, in Shoghi Effendi's
words, as a "sacred, sanctified and cherished object of Bahá'í pilgrimage
and veneration" had already in the days of 'Abdu'l-Bahá been seized by the
"Shí'ahs, after a series of nefarious manoeuvres, but had been returned by
the British authorities to its legitimate custodians. When news of
'Abdu'l-Bahá's passing reached the inveterate enemies of the Faith, they once
again renewed their attack and laid claim to the House. In 1922 the government
took over the keys of the House in spite of the assurance King Feisal had given
that he would respect the claims of the Bahá'ís to a building that had been
occupied by their representatives ever since Bahá'u'lláh's departure from
Baghdad; His Majesty, for political reasons, now went back on his word and in
1923 the keys were most unjustly delivered once again to the "Shí'ahs. From
shortly after the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá until November 1925 there was a
continuous struggle on the part of the Bahá'ís to protect the Most Holy House.
The "Shí'ahs had first taken the case to their own religious court from
which it was speedily lifted out to the Peace court and then brought before the
local Court of First Instance, which decided in favour of the rights of the
Bahá'ís. This decision was then taken to the Court of Appeals, the Supreme
Court of Iraq, which gave its verdict in favour of the "Shí'ahs.
When the Guardian was informed of this flagrant miscarriage
of justice he immediately mustered the Bahá'í world to take action: he sent
nineteen cables to various individuals and national bodies comprising the
believers in Persia, the Caucasus, Turkistan, Iraq, Japan, Burma, China,
Turkey, Moscow, India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States,
Germany, Austria, France, Great Britain and the Pacific Islands. His
instructions were that the Bahá'ís should cable and write their protest at this
decision to the British High Commissioner in Iraq. Persia and North America -
where the Bahá'í communities were numerically strong - were informed that in
addition to every local Assembly voicing its protest directly, the National
Assembly should not only contact the High Commissioner, but protest directly to
both King Feisal of Iraq and the British authorities in London. The Assembly of
India and Burma was likewise to protest to the King himself, but not to London.
In places where the Bahá'ís were few in number, such as France and China,
Shoghi Effendi advised that the protest should go over the signature of
individuals. All these instructions markedly display the strategist in Shoghi
Effendi. In his cables to the Bahá'í world he stated the situation was "perilous"
and the "consequences of the utmost gravity"; and must request
"prompt action to safeguard spiritual claims of Bahá'ís to this
dearly-beloved Spot", "this sanctified abode",
"Bahá'u'lláh's Sacred House". He put the proper phrases into the
mouths of those he advised, the eastern friends being told to "fervently
and courteously", "in firm considerate language", earnestly
appeal "for consideration of their spiritual claims to its
possession" and to the "British sense of justice", while the western believers
were informed that "effective prompt action urgently required...protesting
vigorously against Court's glaring injustice, appealing for redress to British
sense fairness, asserting spiritual claims of Bahá'ís...declaring their
unfailing resolve to do their utmost to vindicate their legitimate and sacred
rights." With his usual thoroughness Shoghi Effendi advised America that
the messages sent by the local Assemblies "should not be identical in
wording."
The exchange, during a six-month period, of well-nigh a
hundred cables, in addition to a continual correspondence with various agents
working to safeguard the Most Holy House, testify in bulk and substance to
Shoghi Effendi's preoccupation with this problem. One of his first acts, on
receiving the news of the decision of the Supreme Court, was to cable'the High
Commissioner in Baghdad that: "The Bahá'ís the world over view with
surprise and consternation the Court's unexpected verdict regarding the
ownership of Bahá'u'lláh's Sacred House. Mindful of their longstanding and
continuous occupation of this property they refuse to believe that Your
Excellency will ever countenance such manifest injustice. They solemnly pledge
themselves to stand resolutely for the protection of their rights. They appeal
to the high sense of honour and justice which they firmly believe animates your
Administration. In the name of the family of Sir 'Abdu'l-Bahá 'Abbas and the
whole Bahá'í Community Shoghi Rabbani". On the same day he cabled the
heart-broken Keeper of Bahá'u'lláh's House: "Grieve not. Case in God's
hand. Rest assured."
During the ensuing months many cables from Shoghi Effendi
included such phrases as "House case should be strenuously pursued."
He cabled a number of prominent non-Bahá'ís, and constantly co-ordinated the
efforts of his lieutenants in different parts of the world. When over a month
had passed Shoghi Effendi cabled various National Assemblies, instructing them
to inquire in "courteous terms" from the High Commissioner
"results of investigation" which the British Authorities had promised
to undertake. It was a losing battle, for the political and religious elements
in Iraq had common cause and refused to bow to the pressure brought upon them,
including that of the British Government.
Shoghi Effendi, however, did not accept defeat so lightly
and never rested until the case of the Holy House was brought before the League
of Nations Permanent Mandates Commission, in November 1928; the Mandatory Power
had upheld the right of the Bahá'ís to the possession of the House, and the
Mandates Commission recommended to the Council of the League of Nations that it
request the British Government to make representations to the Iraqi Government
to redress the denial of justice to the Bahá'ís in this case. The Bahá'ís
continued to press the matter, from 1928 until 1933, but to no avail because
the instruments for enforcing the decision were lacking and the power of the
"Shí'ahs inside Iraq was such as to cause the entire question to be
dropped by the Iraqi Government, whenever that decision was pressed upon it.
- Ruhiyyih Khanum (‘The Priceless Pearl’)
